Biomass-Derived Biochar and Its Role in Carbon Sequestration and Soil Health Improvement

Biochar, a carbon-rich and highly stable material produced through the thermal decomposition of organic biomass under limited oxygen conditions (pyrolysis), has emerged as a promising tool for climate change mitigation and sustainable soil management. Its unique physicochemical properties make it effective for long-term carbon sequestration, thereby contributing to the reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gases. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how biomass-derived biochar facilitates carbon stabilization in soils and acts as a resilient carbon sink for decades to centuries. Additionally, we examine the multifunctional role of biochar in enhancing key soil parameters, including physical structure, nutrient availability, microbial activity, and moisture retention, which are critical for improving soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Various biomass feedstocks—ranging from agricultural residues to forestry waste—and pyrolysis conditions significantly influence the surface area, porosity, nutrient content, and pH of the resulting biochar, thereby affecting its functionality and environmental performance. Moreover, the integration of biochar into agroecosystems supports circular economy principles by converting organic waste into a valuable soil amendment. Widespread application of biochar can contribute to sustainable agriculture by improving soil health, increasing crop yields, and reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers. This review also highlights current challenges and research gaps in biochar application and offers future directions for optimizing its use in different agro-climatic zones. Ultimately, biomass-derived biochar represents a scalable and ecologically sound strategy for enhancing soil resilience, boosting agricultural sustainability, and addressing global environmental challenges.