Characterization and Epidemiology of Fusarium Wilt in Tomato under Subtropical Conditions

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops cultivated globally and plays a significant role in food security, nutrition, and income generation, particularly in subtropical regions. However, tomato production is severely constrained by Fusarium wilt, a destructive vascular disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). The disease is particularly aggressive under subtropical conditions characterized by warm temperatures, moderate to high humidity, and intensive cultivation practices. Recent advances in molecular biology have improved understanding of pathogen diversity, race structure, virulence mechanisms, and host–pathogen interactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular characterization and epidemiology of Fusarium wilt of tomato under subtropical conditions, with emphasis on genetic variability, pathogenicity determinants, environmental influences, and integrated management strategies.