Comparative Herbal and Conventional Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mammaliicoccus sciuri and M. lentus, Emerging Cause of Lethal Infections in Animals and Birds

A common view shared by several empirical studies is that most people in Africa reside in rural areas, where agriculture is a major source of livelihood [14]. However, in recent times, majority of rural households no longer rely solely on agriculture to sustain their livelihood. The challenges of emerging times have compelled households to seek additional means of sustenance to meet pressing demands both at home and beyond.  For instance, in Nigeria,  notably, 82% of rural households diversify their income sources, with as much as 69% of the total rural household income derived from non-farm activities [4].

According to [18] Livelihood is a means of obtaining life’s basics such as food. It encompasses actions required to survive a particular time, as well as the ability to attain the aforementioned demands by working alone or as a community employing both human and material resources. According to [3], livelihoods are a variety of activities people engage in to generate income for a living. Sustainable livelihoods retain their structure, capacities, and assets both now and in the future without causing harm to the natural resource base. Livelihood assets, or means of production available to rural populations, are crucial to the sustainability of livelihoods [16].

Rural households in their struggle to survive and develop a better and sustained standard of living, build a diversified portfolio of activities and social support capacities through a process known as livelihood diversification [7]. Livelihood diversification as defined by [7] is the process by which rural households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and improvement in their standards and means of earning a living. Diversifying one’s source of income can help one manage risks, deal with shock, or locate a substitute for agricultural production. These communities’ inhabitants have come up with alternate economic pursuits as a result of the concomitant rise in poverty. These livelihoods which are activities aimed at earning an income, which could be in the form of hired employment, or self-employment, are all aimed at reducing the level of poverty of rural households and the providing for better living.

Women, especially those in the rural areas are becoming economically diverse, shouldering more than one economically viable activity such as farming, trading, pottery, weaving, and tailoring, to improve earnings and provide a more robust livelihood for their households, while also contributing to the rural economy in regions where they exist. The apparent goal of these activities is to mitigate the seasonality of primary agricultural production and establish a steady flow of income to support life’s challenges. The majority of rural economies have become more diversified, which has reduced policy concerns associated with persistently low farm income and increased the average income of women farmers. It has also opened up new prospects for non-farm employment. [12] inferred that most of the research conducted within this threshold provided insights into the determinants of rural women’s participation in starting and running non-farm enterprises, as well as their contribution to rural household income and quality of life.

Nearly all rural women in low-income families in Nigeria participate in home-based activities such as family farming and non-farm businesses [8], in a bid to reduce the pressure on income from a single source which is inadequate to meet their needs and that of their families. This makes adopting livelihood activities to increase revenue extremely advantageous to their family welfare [10]. It is reasonable to conclude that livelihood diversification activities are the only way impoverished households in developing nations like Nigeria can improve their level of living. The process of sustainability is highly dependent on rural livelihoods’ tolerance to the numerous obstacles faced by rural women [18].

Based on the above, this study analyzed the interplay between livelihood diversification, gender roles, and food security among rural women farmers in Osun State, Nigeria to determine the levels and limitations of  livelihood diversification among rural women in Osun State, Nigeria.

Methodology

The study was carried out in Osun State, located in the south-west geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It is bound in the north, east, south and west by Kwara, Ekiti/Ondo, Ogun and Oyo States, respectively. Osun State has 30 Local Government Areas. The people of the state are warm, hospitable and highly enterprising [17].

A multistage sampling procedure was used to select respondents. In the first stage, the local government areas (LGAs) were stratified into rural and urban areas. At the second stage, nineteen (19) LGAs were purposely selected because they are mostly rural. At the third stage, three (3) LGAs (Ede South, Atakumosa West and Egbedore) were randomly selected from the nineteen (19) LGAs. At the fourth stage, seven (7) villages were randomly selected from the three (3) LGAs. Finally, in the fifth stage,  twenty percent (20%) of rural women were selected using proportionate sampling techniques from the households to give 129 respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the socioeconomic characteristics while Pearson Product Moment Correlation and linear regression were used to test the hypotheses.

Results and Discussion

Socio-economic characteristics of respondents

Results in table 1 show that most of the respondents (35.7%) are within 51 to 60 years of age. The women in the study area are fairly old but still in their productive age which means they can be productive if systems are put in place.

The results further reveal 72.9% of the respondents are married. This describes a value shared by the rural community around the family. Having a family could mean more responsibilities in terms of provision of family needs which will necessitate diversification of livelihood and revenue opportunities in order to ensure security of food for the household members.

The household size data show that most of the respondents (51.9%) have a fairly large house household size of 5 to 7 members. This is descriptive of the number of mouths these rural women have to feed per day. This means they have higher responsibilities in ensuring food security for their large households and could possibly diversify their livelihood to ensure all members of the family are cared for. This result corroborates that of [1] that rural women with fairly large household sizes are motivated to engage in economic activities to support their large households.

Most of the respondents (48.8%) had monthly incomes between N100,000 and N150,000, which is a decent income for an average rural worker. This could be due to livelihood diversification in a bid to ensure a food secure household. This is consistent with the results of [2] who also reported relatively high monthly income among rural households.

The data on levels of education show that most of the respondents had no formal education (48.8%) Lack of formal education could imply lack of access to diverse livelihood sources as formal education has been proven to unlock opportunities and understanding of revenue generating pathways.