Integrating Water Management, Nutrient Inputs, and Plant Density: A Holistic Review on Optimizing Cotton Yield under Variable Agroecosystems

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) remains one of the most economically important fibre crops worldwide, cultivated across a broad spectrum of agroecological zones—from rainfed marginal lands to intensively irrigated commercial farms. In recent decades, achieving and maintaining optimal cotton yield has become increasingly complex due to climate variability, declining soil fertility, water scarcity, and rising input costs. Traditional single-factor approaches to crop management are often insufficient in addressing the multifaceted challenges facing modern cotton production. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of current research on the integrated management of three key agronomic components: water management, nutrient inputs, and plant population density. The evidence from diverse production systems—including arid, semi-arid, and humid environments—this study highlights how the interactions among these variables influence plant physiology, fibre development, and overall yield. Emphasis is placed on resource-use efficiency, sustainable intensification, and site-specific adaptive strategies that align with local agroclimatic conditions. The review explores the synergies and trade-offs inherent in these management practices, demonstrating that holistic and data-driven decision-making can enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impact. The findings are intended to guide researchers, extension specialists, and farmers toward developing resilient cotton systems capable of withstanding future agricultural challenges.