Lipidomic and GCMS profiling for two jatropha genotypes seed extracts grown in Iraq

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is an important oilseed crop with tremendous potential in terms of biodiesel biomass and production of industrial applications. The objective of this study was to chemically characterize and comparatively analyze the lipidome of Egyptian and Pakistani Jatropha seed genotypes by employing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The chemical class analysis indicated that the two genotypes contained fatty acids more than 74% of the total identified compounds. The major fatty acid was linoleic acid, found at 52.40% and 54.09for Egyptian and Pakistani genotypes, respectively. The most abundant classes of lipids recognized other than phospholipids were glycolipids, triglycerides, sterols, free fatty acids, and their esters. Trace levels of lipid-associated molecules (e.g., phenolic acids, alcohols, alkanes) were also identified. Generally, fatty acids and glyceride derivatives were slightly higher in the Pakistani genotype, and some compounds were detected only in the Egyptian genotype. The predominance of unsaturated fatty acids and lipid storage compounds suggests an advantageous lipid composition that may enhance seed quality and energy storage for early seedling support. These findings provide valuable information on the chemical composition of Jatropha seeds and their potential utilization in agricultural, nutritional, and industrial applications.